What does 'factored load' refer to in structural design?

In structural design, the term 'factored load' refers to the service load multiplied by load factors. This approach is used to account for uncertainties in load predictions and material strengths by applying a safety factor that increases the loads to be considered in design calculations.

Using load factors ensures that structures are designed to handle greater loads than those expected in normal service conditions, thereby enhancing safety and stability. The factors applied typically consider various conditions such as live loads, dead loads, and environmental factors. This method is foundational in maintaining a margin of safety against potential overloads and structural failure.

The other options address specific components or conditions but do not encapsulate the full concept of 'factored load' as used in engineering. Dead load refers solely to the weight of materials and permanent fixtures, maximum load capacity is a static measure of what a structure can bear, and the weight of nonpermanent objects does not encompass the complete range of loads considered in structural design. Thus, the multiplication of service loads by load factors accurately reflects the principle behind factored loads in structural design.