What does the abbreviation LRFD stand for?

The abbreviation LRFD stands for "Load Resistance Factor Design." This design methodology combines various factors including the loads (such as dead loads, live loads, wind, and seismic forces) and resistance factors that account for different uncertainties in material strengths, construction processes, and load assumptions. LRFD is widely used in civil engineering as it provides a more rational approach to structural design by applying probabilistic principles.

In LRFD, the loads are multiplied by load factors that account for potential variabilities in loading conditions, while the material strengths are divided by resistance factors that consider uncertainties in material properties and construction practices. This approach enhances the safety and performance of structures by ensuring that they can withstand expected loads with a defined level of reliability, thereby promoting an efficient and economical design.